Nivolumab in treatment of renal cell carcinoma during renal replacement therapy

The prolongation of overall survival of advanced RCC patients requires the use of modern therapies including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Although these drugs have different pharmacokinetics, preclinical studies rarely indicate significant renal clearance. To date there has been a lack of prospective studies evaluating their efficacy and safety in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis. This case study describes second-line treatment of RCC with nivolumab in a dialysed patient following bilateral nephrectomy.