Field evaluation of cultural cycles for improved cadmium and zinc phytoextraction with Noccaea caerulescens

Background and aims Adequate cultural cycles for phytoextraction with Noccaea caerulescens have never been investigated, whereas they directly influence biomass production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the season of establishment, the seeding strategy (sowing vs transplantation) and the length of the growing season on biomass production and metal accumulation of N. caerulescens.