Universal behavior of mass gaps existing in the single heavy baryon family

The mass gaps existing in the discovered single heavy flavor baryons are analyzed, which show some universal behaviors. Under the framework of a constituent quark model, we quantitatively explain why such interesting phenomenon happens, when these established excited heavy baryons are regarded as the $$\lambda $$ -mode excitations. Based on the universal behaviors of the discussed mass gaps, we may have three implications including the prediction of the masses of excited $$\Xi _b^0$$ baryons which are still missing in the experiment. For completeness, we also discuss the mass gaps of these $$\rho $$ -mode excited single heavy flavor baryons.