Complex Ureteral Access: Transplants, Diversions, and Duplications

A thorough appreciation of the common congenital and acquired anatomical anomalies of the genitourinary tract is necessary prior to any contemplated surgical intervention. Anomalous anatomy predisposes to a range of benign and malignant conditions which may require endourological management. As with any form of surgical management, definitive treatment should be achieved in a manner which minimizes invasiveness and morbidity.