19. Yüzyılın Sonu ve 20. Yüzyılın Başında İstanbul’da Yapı Dış Cephelerinde Kullanılan Yapay Taşların Mimari Değerlendirmesi-3 Yapay Taşların Türkiye’ye Gelişi ve Kullanımı

The material defined as “artificial stone”, frequently used on the facades of the late 19th and early 20th century buildings, is a mixture of binder, aggregate and other additives and may either be applied directly as a coating on wall surfaces or precast in moulds and then attached to facades as decorative architectural elements. One of the effects of the Industrial Revolution in 19th century was a tendency to standardize architectural production, which in turn moved away from time-consuming and costly traditional techniques in search of those in accordance with the dynamic social, economic and cultural structure of the period. Early modern scientific understanding of binders with hydraulic properties the end of the 18th century and the development of new methods for their artificial production in early 19th century supported this new material and technique.Turkey and more specifically Istanbul, located on the periphery of these developments in architecture, techniques and materials was also affected contemporaneously. Architecture and construction became professionalized through the emergence of a bourgeois clientele. The high-rise, higher density masonry architecture especially in Istanbul brought about the necessity for formal professional training and education as well as the establishment of building regulations and a control system. Meanwhile the new masonry technologies utilized required the import and/or the production of the related materials. However, it is only partially possible to trace this transformation in publications and archive material, an attempt for which has been made in this article. The only source of information related to the production and use of artificial stone coatings and/or elements directly is the period buildings themselves