Knockdown of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 results in neurite damage, altered stress granule biology and cellular toxicity in differentiated neuronal cells

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) is an RNA binding protein (RBP) that is localized within neurons and plays crucial roles in RNA metabolism. Its importance in neuronal functioning is underscored from the study of its pathogenic features in many neurodegenerative diseases where neuronal hnRNP A1 is mislocalized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm resulting in loss of hnRNP A1 function. Here, we model hnRNP A1 loss-of-function by siRNA mediated knockdown in differentiated Neuro-2a cells. Through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by gene ontology (GO) analyses, we show that hnRNP A1 is involved in important biological processes, including RNA metabolism, neuronal function, neuronal morphology, neuronal viability, and stress granule (SG) formation. We further confirmed several of these roles by showing that hnRNP A1 knockdown results in a reduction of neurite outgrowth, increase in cell cytotoxicity and changes in SG formation. In summary, these findings indicate that hnRNP A1 loss-of-function contributes to neuronal dysfunction and cell death and implicates hnRNP A1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.Significance StatementHnRNP A1 plays a biologically important role in controlling gene expression and maintaining proper cellular functioning in neurons. Previous research has shown that many neurodegenerative diseases exhibit pathogenic features of hnRNP A1 dysfunction, whereby it is mislocalized from its homeostatic nuclear location to the cytoplasm resulting in loss of proper functioning. Here, we model hnRNP A1 loss-of-function in differentiated neuronal cells and show that it contributes to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. These data are important because it underscores the importance of loss-of-function models and implicates hnRNP A1 dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.