The Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic and Weather Conditions on Water Environment, a Case Study in Istanbul and London/South-east England
2021
The Covid-19 Pandemic affects not only populations around the world but also the environment
and natural resources. Lockdowns and restricted new lifestyles have had wide ranging
impacts on the environment (e.g., on air quality in cities). Although hygiene and
disinfection procedures and precautions are effective ways to protect people from
Covid-19, they have important consequences for water usage and resources especially
given the increasing impacts of climate change on rainfall patterns, water use and
resources. Climate change and public health issues may compound one another and so
we used a DPSIR Framework to scope the main factors that may interact to affect water
use and resources (in the form of reservoirs) using evidence from Istanbul, Turkey
with some discussion of the comparative situation in the UK and elsewhere. We modified
initial views on the framework to account for the regional, city and community level
experiences. We noted water consumption in Istanbul has been increasing over the last
two decades (except, it appears, in times of very low rainfall/drought); that there
were increases in water consumption in the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic;
and, despite some increase in rainfall, water levels in reservoirs appeared to decrease
during lockdowns (for a range of reasons). We also noted, through a new simple way
of visualising the data, that a low resource capacity might be recurring every 6 or
7 years in Istanbul. We made no attempt in this paper to quantify the relative contribution
that climate change, population growth etc are making to water consumption and reservoir
levels as we were focused here on scoping those social, environmental and economic
factors that appear to play a role in potential water stress and on developing a DPSIR
Framework that could aid both subsequent quantitative studies and the development
of policy and adaptive management options for Istanbul and other large complex conurbations
(such as London and south-east England). If there are periodic water resource issues
and temperatures rise as expected in climate projections with an accompanying increase
in the duration of hot spells the subsequent additional stress on water systems might
make managing future public health emergencies, such as a pandemic, even more difficult.
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