Interferon-γ–Producing T Cells, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Relapses of Multiple Sclerosis

Objective To determine whether fluctuations in functional T-cell subsets can explain why multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses decline during pregnancy and increase in the postpartum period. Design Case-control study. Setting Kaiser Permanente Northern California and Stanford University. Participants Twenty-six pregnant women with MS and 24 age-matched, pregnant controls. Intervention We prospectively followed up the pregnant women with MS and the age-matched, pregnant controls; conducted structured interviews; and collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells during each trimester and 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months post partum. Main Outcome Measures Sixteen functional cell types, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ)– and tumor necrosis factor–producing T-cell subsets, were measured using multicolor flow cytometry. Since these cell types may also fluctuate with pregnancy, lactational amenorrhea, or MS treatment, the data were analyzed taking into account these factors. Results Fifteen women with MS (58%) had relapses during the postpartum year. CD4 + IFN-γ–producing cells fluctuated with MS relapses, declining during pregnancy in women with MS ( P P  = .001), yet rising or remaining stable in women with nonrelapsing MS or healthy pregnant women. Lactational amenorrhea was associated with a rise in CD4 + IFN-γ–producing cells in women with MS ( P  = .009). In contrast, CD4 + tumor necrosis factor–producing cells decreased during lactational amenorrhea in all groups of women and, once this was taken into account, obscured any relationship to MS relapses. CD8 + IFN-γ–producing cells were elevated in women with MS throughout the study ( P Conclusions Our findings suggest that a decline in circulating CD4 + IFN-γ–producing cells leads to postpartum MS relapses. Our findings also suggest that the decline in these cells may begin during late pregnancy and that lactational amenorrhea induced by exclusive breastfeeding may be able to interrupt this process.