An algorithm for the use of the Lagrangian specification in Newtonian fluid mechanics and applications to free-surface flow

An algorithm is constructed for the use of the Lagrangian kinematic specification in Newtonian fluid mechanics. The algorithm is implemented with a finite-element method, and it is demonstrated that the method accurately describes free-surface flow, including the effects of surface tension, with the use of just bilinear isoparametric elements. Moving contact lines are modelled with a small amount of slip near the contact lines. The contact angle boundary condition is included in the form of a net interfacial force specified at the contact line. Simulations of measurements in a parallel-plate geometry show that the measured apparent contact angle is not the true angle, and that the true angle is always very close to the equilibrium value.