A thermoreversible, photocrosslinkable collagen bio-ink for free-form fabrication of scaffolds for regenerative medicine

As a biomaterial, collagen has been used throughout tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Collagen is native to the body, is highly biocompatible, and naturally promotes cell adhesion and regeneration. However, collagen fibers and the inherent weak mechanical properties of collagen hydrogels interfere with further development of collagen as a bio-ink. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a modified type-I collagen, collagen methacrylamide (CMA), as a fibril-forming bio-ink for free-form fabrication of scaffolds. Like collagen, CMA can self-assemble into a fibrillar hydrogel at physiological conditions. In contrast, CMA is photocrosslinkable and thermoreversible, and photocrosslinking eliminates thermoreversibility. Free-form fabrication of CMA was performed through self-assembly of the CMA hydrogel, photocrosslinking the structure of interest using a photomask, and cooling the entire hydrogel, which results in cold-melting of unphotocrosslinked regions. Printed hydrogels had a resolution on the order...