Vulnerabilities, consequences, and help-seeking behavior related to sexual victimization in migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees in Europe: A critical interpretive synthesis

Background: Migrants, applicants for international protection and refugees (MAR) have been identified as vulnerable for sexual violence (SV) victimization. Since many European countries, including Belgium, have been confronted with high migratory pressure, it is important to develop prevention strategies and care paths for MARs affected by SV. Knowing possible risk factors for and consequences of SV in MAR in Europe and their help-seeking behavior is crucial to this. Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 37 peer-reviewed articles and 22 grey literature documents gave an overview of the existing evidence based on the socio-ecological model. Results: Risk factors and consequences of SV in MAR are comparable to those in the general population, but engender a different impact. We identified barriers for seeking and finding appropriate help after SV in MAR. Conclusions: The vulnerability for and impact of SV on MAR may be far greater than in the general population due to the specific risk factors emerging from their vulnerable situation and help-seeking barriers associated with their migration status.