Effect of the free-stream orientation on mixed convective flow past a porous cylinder

Abstract Numerical simulations are conducted for steady flow striking a porous circular cylinder from various orientations in the mixed convection regime over wide ranges of the Reynolds number (5 ≤ Re ≤ 40), Darcy number (10−6 ≤ Da ≤ 10−2), and Richardson number (0 ≤ Ri