Proton exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides : Nonlinear, electrooptical and photorefractive properties

Abstract We show that proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides exhibit very complex structural chemistry. Seven HxLi1−xNbO3 crystallographic phases have been identified in PE LiNbO3 waveguides. A correlation is done between the electroptical, nonlinear and photorefractive properties, the processing conditions and the refractive index changes of the waveguides.