ТЕОРІЯ РИЗИКУ: ІСТОРІЯ ТА СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ

The article presents an analysis of various theories of risk. The publication outlines the problem area of the application of the theory of risk to the political process, establishes a general understanding of the definition of risk, reproduces the historical process of creating its classification and typology, analyzes the pre-requisites for the creation of a single concept of risk, the integration of disparate approaches and thoughts, methodological approaches and obtaining new subject knowledge on this basis. The main task is to attract scientists and practitioners to a discussion on one of the most pressing and complex problems and to give impetus to detailed and comprehensive research in this area.The theoretical and conceptual approaches to the definition of risk have been developed in the broad context of the most extreme states of society and reflect the economic, cultural, political, social, environmental, and legal aspects of risk. As a result of multi-dimensionality and universality, the risk is the subject of much interdisciplinary research, and the term itself is a general scientific concept. This indicates an interest in the study of the components of risk phenomena both from the representatives of technical knowledge and, to a large extent, from repre-sentatives of the social sciences. In the dynamics of the growth of risk concepts, the change in the substantive content of risk in the process of development and complication of structures of modern societies is reflected. The transformation of the abstract concept into concrete terms on the basis of subjective advantages and the transition from conceptual thinking to the operational disclosure of a problem is the main task of any science.Today, the theory of risk has entered a new level of cognition, when scientists began to distinguish between theoretical and effective risk, which is related to the concept of endometric risk, which occurs when modeling risky situations, taking into account peculiarities of risk perception by the subject. In the case of social risk, the purpose function refers to the solution of social problems, and political aspects are taken into account in risk factors. On the contrary, for political risk, the goal function is related to political problems, and indicators of social and economic processes are taken into account when it comes to precisely the risk factors.