Evaluation of Na2TiO3 formation for producing crystalline BaTiO3 nanoparticles by liquid–solid–solution process at low temperature

Abstract Crystalline barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) nanoparticles were synthesized by refluxing in an air atmosphere at a low temperature using sodium hydroxide. The reaction mechanism of BaTiO 3 nanoparticle formation by this new liquid–solid–solution (LSS) synthesis route with refluxing in an air atmosphere at a low temperature of 80 °C was demonstrated to be a facile fabrication process for BaTiO 3 nanoparticles with a high crystalline quality and minimized agglomeration rate. BaTiO 3 nanoparticles were formed via sodium titanate (Na 2 TiO 3 ), and the size of the BaTiO 3 nanoparticles decreased with increasing sodium hydroxide concentration. The formation of a Na 2 TiO 3 intermediate phase was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The capping ligands of BaTiO 3 suggest that hydroxyl and oleic acid are present. The dielectric constant of the crystalline BaTiO 3 nanoparticles was higher than 150.