The management of immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade

ABSTRACTImmunotherapy has become an important component of modern oncology therapy. Recently methods of immune checkpoint blockade include; anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1/PD-L1, or a combination of both therapies and have been developed with the objective of restoring immune system T-cell responses against cancer. This strategy has demonstrated important clinical activity in different tumor types and is currently approved for the treatment of several malignancies worldwide. However, the experience gathered so far with this strategy has revealed emerging immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that deserve particular attention. irAEs can affect any organ or system and require adequate diagnosis, rapid recognition and appropriate management as they may have an impact on the outcome of patients receiving these therapies.