In-flight photometry extraction of PLATO targets : optimal apertures for detecting extra-solar planets

PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) is a European spatial scientific mission dedicated to asteroseismology and searching for exoplanets, and whose development is being carried out by the European Space Agency. With focus on Earth-like planets orbiting the habitable zone of main-sequence Sun-like stars, the mission relies on very high precision photometry and requires great stability of measurements. The mission is founded upon well-proven techniques: the transit method for detecting exoplanets, along with radial velocity follow-up from the ground, and the analysis of stellar oscillations for characterizing their host stars. Thanks to its very large field of view encompassing more than two thousand square degrees of the sky, the PLATO instrument will be able to observe several hundreds of thousands of stars with apparent magnitude lower than thirteen in the visible band, and thousands of planetary systems. In contrast, because of satellite telemetry constraints, photometry will have to be extracted in flight for most of the PLATO targets. For that, mask-based (aperture) photometry was adopted because of its sufficiently high performance and relatively low complexity for implementing on board. In this context, the development of optimal photometric apertures represents the core of the research work presented in this thesis. In the previous missions of the same category of PLATO (i.e. CoRoT, Kepler and TESS), photometric apertures were designed following an approach based uniquely on the minimization of the noise-to-signal ratio, because the sensitivity at which a planet transit can be found in a light curve is strongly correlated to its noise level. On the other hand, the higher the ease in identifying a transit-like signal because of a sufficiently low noise level, the higher the probability that background objects in the scene (e.g. binary systems reproducing legitimate planet transits) are detected. Since most of the PLATO targets will not have images available on ground for the identification of false positives, conceiving photometric masks based solely on how well a transit-like signal can be detected, paying no attention to potential false positives may not be the best strategy. To verify the consistence of this hypothesis, two science metrics were introduced allowing one to directly quantify the sensitivity of an aperture in detecting true and false planet transits. Then, the optimal aperture was defined as that which gives the best compromise between these two metrics. Such an approach, novel to this thesis, has been proven to be decisive for the determination of a mask model capable to provide near maximum planet yield and substantially reduced occurrence of false positives. Overall, this work constitutes an important step in the design of both on-board and on-ground science data processing pipelines of the PLATO mission.