Human middle-ear muscles rarely contract in anticipation of acoustic impulses

The Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans (AHAAH) is an electrical equivalence model of the human ear designed to predict the risk for auditory injury from a given impulse noise exposure. One concern with the model is that the middle-ear muscle contraction (MEMC) associated with the acoustic reflex is implemented as a protective mechanism for certain instances in which a person is “warned” prior to the impulse. The current study tested the assumption that the MEMC can be elicited by a conditioning stimulus prior to sound exposure (i.e., a “warned” response). In order to quantify the MEMC, we used laser-Doppler vibrometry to measure tympanic membrane motion in response to a reflex-eliciting acoustic impulse. After verifying the MEMC, we attempted to classically condition the response by pairing the reflex-eliciting acoustic impulse (unconditioned stimulus, UCS) with various preceding stimuli (conditioned stimulus, CS). Changes in the magnitude and/or time-course of the MEMC following repeated UCS...