Impact of lipid-induced degradation on the mechanical properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for joint replacements

Gamma or electron beam irradiation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in artificial joints for sterilization and/or crosslinking purposes generates free radicals in the material, which causes long-term oxidative degradation of UHMWPE. Recently, another mechanism for the degradation of UHMWPE by the absorption of lipids during in vivo clinical use was proposed. However, knowledge on lipid-induced degradation is quite limited, compared with that on radical-induced degradation. In this study, lipid-induced degradation was simulated using squalene absorption and subsequent accelerated aging, and its impact on the mechanical properties of UHMWPE was evaluated. The simulated lipid-induced degradation caused an increased elastic modulus and decreased elongation with maximum degradation at the surfaces. These results imply that degradation of UHMWPE may occur during in vivo long-term use, even if free radicals are completely eliminated. Therefore, further investigation is required to clarify the impact of lipid-induced degradation on clinical outcomes, such as the wear and fatigue characteristics of UHMWPE components.