ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, and ST3GAL6 differ in their regulation of biological functions via the specificities for the α2,3‐sialylation of target proteins

The alpha2,3-sialylation of N-glycans is considered important but complicated because the functions of the three beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferases, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, and ST3GAL6, could be compensating for one another. To distinguish their specific functions, we established each individual knockout (KO) cell line. Loss of either the ST3GAL3 or ST3GAL6 genes decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, as opposed to the effect in the ST3GAL4 KO cells. The phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT were significantly suppressed in the ST3GAL6 KO and ST3GAL3 KO cells, respectively. The cell aggregations were clearly observed in the KO cells, particularly the ST3GAL3 KO and ST3GAL6 KO cells, and the expression levels of E-cadherin and claudin-1 were enhanced in both those cell lines, but were suppressed in the ST3GAL4 KO cells. Those alterations were reversed with an overexpression of each corresponding gene in rescued cells. Of particular interest, the alpha2,3-sialylation levels of beta1 integrin were clearly suppressed in the ST3GAL4 KO cells, but these were increased in the ST3GAL3 KO and ST3GAL6 KO cells, whereas the alpha2,3-sialylation levels of EGFR were significantly decreased in the ST3GAL6 KO cells. The decrease in alpha2,3-sialylation increased the alpha2,6-sialylation on beta1, but not EGFR. Furthermore, a cross-restoration of each of the three genes in ST3GAL6 KO cells showed that overexpression of ST3GAL6 sufficiently rescued the total alpha2,3-sialylation levels, cell morphology, and alpha2,3-sialylation of EGFR, whereas the alpha2,3-sialylation levels of beta1 were greatly enhanced by an overexpression of ST3GAL4. These results clearly demonstrate that the three alpha2,3-sialyltransferases modify characteristic target proteins and regulate cell biological functions in different ways.