The making of vernacular Singapore English : system, transfer, and filter

1. Introduction 2. The ecology of Singapore English 3. Grammatical system and substratum transfer 4. Topic prominence, empty categories and the bare conditional 5. Substratum, lexifier and typological universals 6. Frequency, usage and the circumscriptive role of the lexifier 7. Convergence-to-substratum 8. Epilogue.