Fluence adaptation for contrast-based dose optimization in x-ray phase-contrast imaging.

Purpose X-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) can provide multiple contrasts with great potentials for clinical and industrial applications, including conventional attenuation, phase contrast and dark field. Grating-based imaging (GBI) and edge-illumination (EI) are two promising types of XPCI as the conventional x-ray sources can be directly utilized. For GBI and EI systems, the phase-stepping acquisition with multiple exposures at a constant fluence is usually adopted in the literature. This work, however, attempts to challenge such a constant fluence concept during the phase-stepping process and proposes a fluence adaptation mechanism for dose reduction. Method Given the importance of patient radiation dose for clinical applications, numerous studies have tried to reduce patient dose in XPCI by altering imaging system designs, data acquisition and information retrieval. Recently, analytic multi-order moment analysis has been proposed to improve the computing efficiency. In these algorithms, multiple contrasts can be calculated by summing together the weighted phase-stepping curves (PSCs) with some kernel functions, which suggests us that the raw data at different steps have different contributions for the noise in retrieved contrasts. Therefore, it is possible to improve the noise performance by adjusting the fluence distribution during the phase-stepping process directly. Based on analytic retrieval formulas and the Gaussian noise model for detected signals, we derived an optimal adaptive fluence distribution, which is proportional to the absolute weighting kernel functions and the root of original sample PSCs acquired under the constant fluence. Considering that the original sample PSC might be unavailable, we proposed two practical forms for GBI and EI systems, which are also able to reduce the contrast noise when comparing with the constant fluence distribution. Since the kernel functions are target contrast dependent, our proposed fluence adaptation mechanism provides a way of realizing a contrast-based dose optimization while keeping the same noise level. Results To validate our analyses, simulations and experiments are conducted for GBI and EI systems. Simulated results demonstrate that the dose reduction ratio between our proposed fluence distributions and the typical constant one can be about 20% for the phase contrast, which is consistent with our theoretical predictions. Although the experimental noise reduction ratios are a little smaller than the theoretical ones, low dose experiments observe better noise performance by our proposed method. Our simulated results also give out the effective ranges of the parameters of the PSCs, such as the visibility in GBI, the standard deviation and the mean value in EI, providing a guidance for the use of our proposed approach in practice. Conclusions In this paper, we propose a fluence adaptation mechanism for contrast-based dose optimization in XPCI, which can be applied to GBI and EI systems. Our proposed method explores a new direction for dose reduction, and may also be further extended to other types of XPCI systems and information retrieval algorithms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.