Laser-facilitated epicutaneous immunotherapy with hypoallergenic beta-glucan neoglycoconjugates suppresses lung inflammation and avoids local side effects in a mouse model of allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy via the skin targets an area rich in antigen presenting cells, but can be associated with local and systemic side effect. Allergen-polysaccharide neoglycogonjugates increase immunization efficacy by targeting and activating dendritic cells via C-type lectin receptors and reduce side effects. OBJECTIVE We investigated the immunogenicity, allergenicity and therapeutic efficacy of laminarin-ovalbumin neoglycoconjugates (LamOVA). METHODS The biological activity of LamOVA was characterized in vitro using bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy was analyzed in BALB/c mice. Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) was performed using fractional infrared laser ablation to generate micropores in the skin and the effects of LamOVA on blocking IgG, IgE, cellular composition of BAL, lung, and spleen, lung function, and T cell polarization was assessed. RESULTS Conjugation of laminarin to ovalbumin reduced its IgE binding capacity 5-fold and increased its immunogenicity 3-fold in terms of IgG generation. EPIT with LamOVA induced significantly higher IgG levels than OVA, matching the levels induced by s.c. injection of OVA/alum (SCIT). EPIT was equally effective as SCIT in terms of blocking IgG induction and suppression of lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, but SCIT was associated with higher levels of therapy induced IgE and TH2 cytokines. EPIT with LamOVA induced significantly lower local skin reactions during therapy compared to unconjugated OVA. CONCLUSION Conjugation of ovalbumin to laminarin increased its immunogenicity while at the same time reducing local side effects. LamOVA EPIT via laser generated micropores is safe and equally effective to SCIT with alum, without the need for adjuvant.