Upgraded AMBER Force Field for Zinc-Binding Residuesand Ligands for Predicting Structural Properties and Binding Affinitiesin Zinc-Proteins

We developed a novel force field in the context of AMBER parameterization for glutamate and aspartate zinc­(II)-binding residues. The interaction between the zinc ion and the coordinating atoms is represented by a spherical nonbonded parameterization. The polarization effect due to the zinc ion has been taken into account by redefining the atomic charges on the residues through accurate quantum mechanical calculations. The new zinc-binding ASP and GLU residues, along with the CYS and HIS zinc-binding residues, parameterized in a recent work [Macchiagodena, M.; J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2019, 59, 3803−3816], allow users to reliably simulate 96% of the Zn-proteins available in the Protein Data Bank. The upgraded force field for zinc­(II)-bound residues has been tested performing molecular dynamics simulations with an explicit solvent and comparing the structural information with experimental data for five different proteins binding zinc­(II) with GLU, ASP, HIS, and CYS. We further validated our approach by evaluating the binding free energy of (R)-2-benzyl-3-nitropropanoic acid to carboxypeptidase A using a recently developed nonequilibrium alchemical method. We demonstrated that in this setting it is crucial to take into account polarization effects also on the metal-bound inhibitor.