Absorbed dose in the presence of contrast agents during pediatric cardiac catheterization

Administration of x‐ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations were conducted. First, entrance and exit exposures to the patient were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters calibrated for the diagnostic x‐ray energy range. Second, a dose enhancement factor was calculated from mass energy absorption coefficients for various concentrations of the contrast media and at selected x‐ray energies. Third, the dose enhancement factor was estimated from survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes suspended in varying concentrations of the contrast agent during exposure to graded doses of x‐rays. Fourth, a mean absorbed dose to the patient’s blood was calculated using (a) the dose enhancement factor determined above, (b) an estimate of the mean exposure in the irradiated body volume calculated from the entrance and exit exposure measurements, (c) an effective iodine concentration in the blood during the exposure time, and (d) a ratio correcting for the distribution and circulation of the blood. For eight pediatric patients monitored, absorbed doses to the blood ranged between 3 and 12 rad. These values were two to three times greater than the expected dose without administration of a contrast agent.