Oxidative Stress in Autoimmune Diseases: An under dealt malice
2020
Oxidative stress is the off-balance of antioxidants and free radicals. All kinds of disease and disorders give rise to oxidative damage including autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disorder is a pathological condition characterized by the breakdown of self-tolerance of the immune system in the body. Immunological processes against tissues and organs leading to enhanced oxidative stress and in turn, misbalance of oxidative stress aggravates the pathobiology of the disease. Highly reactive nature of free radicals, for example, hydroxyl, superoxide ions, alter DNA, protein, and lipids in the body which augments the pathologic processes of diseases. The damaged biomolecules are responsible for systemic complications and secondary disease co-morbidities. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in some incapacitating autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Type 1 Diabetes, and Multiple Sclerosis. Oxidative stress plays a central and course defining role in these diseases and it becomes a necessity to study the pathological mechanism involved around oxidative stress to better understand and offer treatment holistically. Presently there are no clinically available parameters for measurement and treatment for pathological oxidative stress, therefore it requires intensive research. Probably, in the future, the discovery of easily detectable markers of oxidative stress can aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of progressively destructive autoimmune diseases. Keywords: Autoimmune diseases, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis.
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