Recent advances on synthesis and applications of lead- and tin-free perovskites

Abstract The expansion of alternative energy sources is one of the most vital goals all over the world to cut down the emission of greenhouse gases. Nowadays, the scientific community is facing the biggest challenge to innovate efficient photovoltaic cells, relatively high thermal stability and non-toxic environmental devices shortly. Currently, perovskites derived from lead, tin having high toxicity with negative environmental implications creating several obstacles to commercialize it. Thus, the key challenge connected with the conventional perovskite is the toxicity of lead and tin (Pb and Sn), which results negative impact on the environment. Currently, remarkable breakthroughs were found on non-toxic perovskites, keeping the major significant challenges in mind. We have focused on synthetic methods of non-toxic perovskites, toxicological information and fabrications of free-lead and tin perovskites (Mn, Sc, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ge, Nb, Ag, Sb, and Bi). This review data is of high impact on the commercialization of non-toxic perovskites in the future.