Bi-Level Expansion Planning of Multiple Energy Systems under Carbon Emission Constraints

Coordinating multiple energy systems (MES) is able to exploit synergies of different energy sectors including the generation, transmission, conversion, storage and consumption. The goal of low-carbon development changes the way how the MES should be designed in both district level and multi-regional level. A bi-level integrated expansion planning model of MES to consider district carbon emission constraints is proposed in this paper. The upper-level model investigates the optimal planning of the multi-regional MES. Meanwhile, the lower-level model studies the least-cost planning of multiple energy infrastructures in the district MES under the carbon emission constraints based on the energy hub (EH) approach. The carbon emission flow (CEF) theory is adopted to account the responsible carbon emission of each EH. The case study based on an illustrative multi-regional MES verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model. The effects of carbon emission cap on the planning results are further studied.