2. ALTERNATIVE IMAGINATIONS Examining Complementarities across Knowledge Systems

The “science-centric” knowledge derived from narrow criteria and vetted by limited number of experts inadvertently excludes wider participation of knowledge forms. The adjective “alternative,” associated with non-western knowledge is often used synonymously with “irrational.” We argue that alternative knowledge systems have a rationale of their own and are intricately woven into cultural, social and ecological fabric of society. Alternative knowledge is as intelligible as modern knowledge and could both complement and enrich public discourse on sciences and their outcomes. We hold that both forms of knowledge are valuable, especially for addressing the complex challenges of the modern world. While proposing a conceptual framing, this paper (a) articulates the legitimacy and efficacy of alternative knowledge systems; (b) highlights the potential overlap between scientific and nonscientific modes of thinking; (c) compares diverse potential modes of engagement between scientific and nonscientific cultures; and (d) addresses the role of normative standards that shape interactions between scientific and nonscientific cultures. While embracing knowledge that heralds from the scientific methods, alternative imagination offers cultural and intellectual openness to ideas and approaches that are not traditionally considered as knowledge. By working collaboratively with stakeholders, both intra- and inter-institutionally, alternative imagination constructs complementary perspectives on interactions between science and technology of non-western societies.