Designing a Cultivation System Module (CSM) Considering the Cost Performance: A Step Toward Smart PFALs

Design factors related to the productivity of a plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) are discussed. The cultivation system module (CSM) is thought to be a key component of the cultivation room in the PFAL. Types of CSM are classified, and the merits and demerits of each type are discussed. The scalability of the CSM is considered a crucial design factor of the PFAL. Air movement in the CSM greatly affects the plant growth and thus is an essential design factor of the CSM. Environmental control based on phenotyping will play a significant role in a smart PFAL.