Current transport and loss mechanisms in the Z accelerator

A challenge for the TW-class accelerators driving $Z$-pinch experiments, such as Sandia National Laboratories' $Z$ machine, is to efficiently couple power from multiple storage banks into a single multi-MA transmission line. The physical processes that lead to current loss are identified in new large-scale, multidimensional simulations of the $Z$ machine. Kinetic models follow the range of physics occurring during a pulse, from vacuum pulse propagation to charged-particle emission and magnetically-insulated current flow to electrode plasma expansion. Simulations demonstrate that current is diverted from the load through a combination of standard transport (uninsulated charged-particle flows) and anomalous transport. Standard transport occurs in regions where the electrode current density is a few $1{0}^{4}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and current is diverted from the load via transport without magnetic insulation. In regions with electrode current density $g{10}^{6}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, electrode surface plasmas develop velocity-shear instabilities and a Hall-field-related transport which scales with electron density and may, therefore, lead to increased current loss.