Current trends in analytical strategies for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples with different matrix compositions – Part 2: New approaches to PBDEs determination

Abstract Herein, we review the latest technical solutions for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) determination in samples with different matrix compositions, largely focusing on gas chromatography but also presenting some liquid chromatography–based solutions. Moreover, we discuss the use of diverse sample injection techniques while considering the advantages and disadvantages of each injection system in the context of PBDEs analysis. For instance, the use of modern injection systems allowing the injection of larger-than-standard volumes may increase determination sensitivity, reduce analyte discrimination, and avoid thermally induced debromination. Attention is also paid to the possibility of using high-thermal-resistance chromatographic columns to decrease the extent of column bleeding and obtain better working conditions for the applied detection techniques, e.g., by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The importance of detector selection is emphasised, and data on the latest PBDE detection techniques are provided. Finally, we discuss the idea of using other devices in screening analysis to suspect the presence of PBDEs, mainly in polymer samples. As a future trends, we have provided data on the possibility of using modern solutions, including sensors.