FEM-DEM coupled modeling of cone penetration tests in lunar soil

Cone penetration test (CPT) is an appropriate technique for quickly determining the geotechnical properties of lunar soil, which is valuable for in situ lunar exploration. Utilizing a typical coupling method recently developed by the authors, a finite element method (FEM)-discrete element method (DEM) coupled model of CPTs is obtained. A series of CPTs in lunar soil are simulated to qualitatively reveal the flow of particles and the development of resistance throughout the penetration process. In addition, the effects of major factors, such as penetration velocity, penetration depth, cone tip angle, and the low gravity on the Moon surface are investigated.