Vertebral hemangioma compressing the thoracic spinal cord: application of computer-aided navigation and intraoperative spinal sonography for surgery through anterior and posterior approaches

Abstract Vertebral hemangioma is the most common tumor of the vertebral column. Although most hemangiomasremain asymptomatic, some patients experience bone pain or develop neurological deficits. 1 Current treatments for symptomatic vertebral hemangioma include surgery, radiotherapy, transarterial embolization, and intralesional absolute ethanol injection. 2 However, none of these is satisfactory when applied alone. 3