Lack of transfer of skills after virtual reality simulator training with haptic feedback

AbstractBackground and objective: Virtual reality (VR) simulators enrich surgical training and offer training possibilities outside of the operating room (OR). In this study, we created a criterion-based training program on a VR simulator with haptic feedback and tested it by comparing the performances of a simulator group against a control group.Material and methods: Medical students with no experience in laparoscopy were randomly assigned to a simulator group or a control group. In the simulator group, the candidates trained until they reached predefined criteria on the LapSim® VR simulator (Surgical Science AB, Goteborg, Sweden) with haptic feedback (XitactTM IHP, Mentice AB, Goteborg, Sweden). All candidates performed a cholecystectomy on a porcine organ model in a box trainer (the clinical setting). The performances were video rated by two surgeons blinded to subject training status.Results: In total, 30 students performed the cholecystectomy and had their videos rated (N = 16 simulator group, N = 14...