川上氏月桃（薑科）開花物候與授粉生態學研究

In this study, we observed the flowering phenology, flowering behaviour, pollinator's behaviour and visiting frequency of Alpinia shimadae var. kawakamii which is a Taiwanese endemic variety. We generalized from the phenological observation in Houjiaoliao study area in 2011-2012. Al. shimadae var. kawakamii began developing flower buds in early January, and started anthesis last 2 months in late March. The ovary gradually developed into fruit after flowering 1-2 weeks, the color of fruit wall converted from green to red and matured in October to December, capsule dehisced and seeds exposed in December to following January. The observation of flowering behaviour confirms Al. shimadae var. kawakamii also possesses flexistyly, its single flower anthesis is about 1 day. The anaflexistylous stigma below the anther was during 00:00-08:00, then the style rapidly incurved and the stigma above the anther at 09:00-11:00, and the anther dehisced about 11:00-13:30; the cataflexistylous stigma above the anther is during 00:00- 13:00, the anther dehisces at 03:00-03:30, the style started recurving at moon then the stigma situated below the anther after 12:30-14:00. Both anthers of two phenotypes dehisced after its own stigma into the upper position for 1-4 hours, that reduces the chance of self-pollination and intramorph-pollination. We found Bombus eximius and Amegilla urens (Apidae) were pollinators of Al. shimadae var. kawakamii. Bombus eximius had higher visiting frequency during 07:00-09:00 and 15:00-17:00, those periods corresponded with female phase and male phase of flower. The cooperation between the flowering behaviour of flexistyly and the habits of pollinators promotes the efficiency of pollination.