Charge Conservation, Entropy Current, and Gravitation

We propose a new class of vector fields to construct a conserved charge in a general field theory whose energy momentum tensor is covariantly conserved. We argue that there always exists such a vector field uniquely in a given field theory even without global symmetry and the conserved current constructed from the vector field can be identified with the entropy current of the system. As a piece of evidence we show that the conserved charge defined therefrom satisfies the first law of thermodynamics for an isotropic system with a suitable definition of temperature. We apply our formulation to several gravitational systems such as the expanding universe, Schwarzschild and BTZ black holes, and gravitational plane waves. We confirm the conservation of the proposed entropy density under any homogeneous and isotropic expansion of the universe, the precise reproduction of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy incorporating the first law of thermodynamics, and the existence of gravitational plane wave carrying no charge, respectively.