High levels and inflammatory effects of soluble CXC ligand 16 (CXCL16) in coronary artery disease: down-regulatory effects of statins

Aims CXC ligand 16 (CXCL16) may be involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism, and we hypothesized a role for this chemokine in coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results We performed clinical studies in CAD patients as well as experimental studies in cells with relevance to atherogenesis [i.e. endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)]. We also examined the ability of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) to modulate CXCL16 levels both in vivo and in vitro . Our main findings were: (i) patients with stable ( n = 40) and unstable ( n = 40) angina had elevated plasma levels of CXCL16 compared with controls ( n = 20); (ii) low-dose simvastatin (20 mg qd, n = 15) and high-dose atorvastatin (80 mg qd, n = 9) down-regulated plasma levels of CXCL16 during 6 months of therapy; (iii) in vitro , atorvastatin significantly decreased the interleukin (IL)-1β-mediated release of CXCL16 from PBMC and endothelial cells; (iv) attenuating effect of atorvastatin on the IL-1β-mediated release of CXCL16 in PBMC seems to involve post-transcriptional modulation as well as down-regulation of CXCL16 release through inhibition of the protease a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10); (v) soluble CXCL16 increased the release of IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant peptide 1, and matrix metalloproteinases in vascular SMC and increased the release of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant peptide 1 in PBMC, with particularly enhancing effects in cells from CAD patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that soluble CXCL16 could be linked to atherogenesis not only as a marker of inflammation, but also as a potential inflammatory mediator.