Searching and finding the hidden treasure: Rickettsial disease among Dutch international travelers - a retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND: Rickettsial disease (RD) is a prevalent and underestimated cause of febrile illness worldwide, especially in the absence of an inoculation eschar. We attempted to quantify this under estimation at our clinic, by investigating past cases of febrile illness in travelers who had tested negative for leptospirosis, a disease that can initially present similar to non-eschar RD, and which we routinely consider when other important causes of unspecified febrile illness have tested negative. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis in febrile returned travelers from Asia, Africa or the Americas between 2010-2017, who had tested negative for leptospirosis. Serologic immunofluorescence assays were performed for Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), Typhus Group (TG) and Spotted Fever Group (SFG) RD. We performed a chart review of all patients who tested positive. In case of a fitting medical history, cases were deemed either confirmed (based on convalescent serology) or suspected (based on single serology). RESULTS: Among 97 patients, convalescent serology was available in 16 (16.5%) patients, and a single serology in 81 (83.5%) patients. RD was the likely diagnosis in 8/16 (50.0%) patients with convalescent serology, and in 8/81 (9.9%) with single serology. Of the 16 confirmed/suspected cases, 11 (69%) had been missed and 7 (44%) had not received adequate empiric antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that non-eschar RD is an important and poorly recognized cause of illness in travelers, even in a specialized travel clinic. A lower threshold to test and treat for RD is warranted in returning travelers with febrile illness.