Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi): A multi-purpose coastal tree with promising medicinal properties -

In this short review, the current knowledge on the botany, ecology, uses and medicinal properties of the multi-purpose Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi) is updated. As yet, there are no reviews on this indigenous and heritage coastal tree species of the Ryukyu Islands in Japan, which has ethno-cultural, ecological and pharmacological significance. Planted by the Okinawan people some 300 years ago, Fukugi trees serve as wind-breaks and accord protection against the destructive typhoons. The species has become a popular ornamental tree, and its bark has been used for dyeing fabrics. It forms part of the food chain for mammals and insects, and serves as nesting sites for birds. Endowed with bioactive compounds of benzophenones, xanthones, bioflavonoids and triterpenoids, G. subelliptica possesses anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, choline acetyltransferase enhancing, and other pharmacological properties such as trypanocidal, antibacterial, antioxidant, DNA strand-scission, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 inhibitory, DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibitory and anti-androgenic activities. Fukugetin and fukugiside are two bioflavonoids named after the species. The chemical constituents of Fukugi fruits when compared with those of mangosteen yielded interesting contrasts.