Synchronous removal of emulsions and soluble organic contaminants via a microalgae-based membrane system: performance and mechanisms.

Abstract In this study, we applied a flexible strategy to manufacture a microalgal biochar-based membrane (MBCM). Due to the hierarchical surface topography on a micro-nano scale, the MBCM was found to have both underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic properties. Combining an underoil superhydrophobic oil-containing region (OCR) with an underwater superoleophobic water-containing region (WCR) achieved the successive filtration of multiphase emulsions. The MBCM also served as a high-performance carbocatalyst for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), due to the N functionalities (5.08%) of the graphene-like structure. This was caused by the high-temperature pyrolysis of rich proteins and alkaline salts in the algal residue. As a result, the MBCM/AOPs system achieved greater than 99.5% emulsions separation efficiency in different emulsion mixtures, while also achieving an outstanding degradation rate (99.8%) of soluble organic contaminants (SOCs). This in-depth exploration resulted in a low-cost and green strategy for developing multifunctional membranes to treat complex wastewater. The paper explains the mechanisms used by MBCM to synchronously remove emulsions and SOCs from wastewater.