Electronic Materials, Devices, and Signals in Electrochemical Sensors

The development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors have attracted great attentions in both fundamental studies and practical applications in various areas, including healthcare, the environment, and defense. One of the major challenges for the development of these sensors is the successful integration of electronic materials, device configurations, and signals on the devices. In recent years, there have been several a number of electronic materials, a few types of device configurations, and a few types of signal collection methods that have been used to construct electrochemical sensors. To successfully construct an electrochemical sensor for a target analyte, there are a few interesting questions: Which device configuration should be chosen? What electronic materials should be used to construct the device? How are the signals generated? Which type of signal should be used for the detection? This review will highlight the early attempts to address these questions and explore the fundamental and practical aspects for different types of electrochemical sensors.