Retraction: The cryoprotectant trehalose could inhibit ERS-induced apoptosis by activating autophagy in cryoprotected rat valves

Valvular diseases are common health problems that are strongly related to high morbidity and mortality; aortic valve allograft transplantation may be a promising way to improve survival and relieve symptoms. However, ideal tissue viability has not been observed with common valve cryopreservation methods, which could lead to apoptosis and necrosis in cryopreserved tissue. It has been observed that trehalose plays a positive role by acting to maintain cell structures and protect cells from stress responses. In this study, we studied the effects of trehalose in protecting rat valve tissue from the cooling process. We found improved higher cell function in rat valves treated with trehalose during cryopreservation than in those treated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). To further explore the mechanisms, we found that trehalose could down-regulate the expression of cleaved caspase-3, an important molecule involved in cell apoptosis. In addition, treatment with trehalose also decreased Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), the key proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) process. Intriguingly, we observed that trehalose promotes cryoprotected rat valve cell autophagy via an mTOR-independent but p38 MAPK-dependent signaling pathway. Additionally, miR-221 and miR-32 have been implicated in such cell activities. In summary, our study offers a new and meaningful cryopreservation approach for valve allograft storage.