Complications of biventricular pacing

Resynchronisation therapy with biventricular pacing is increasingly accepted as therapy for patients with drug resistant heart failure. The complications of device implantation include those associated with conventional pacing and those specifically related to the positioning of a lead within a branch of the coronary sinus. These complications include unsuccessful implantation, phrenic nerve stimulation, coronary sinus dissection or perforation, and embolic phenomena.