Females have a greater incidence of stress fractures than males in both military and athletic populations: a systemic review.

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to review incidence of stress fractures in military and athlete populations and identify factors explaining causes and differences in the incidence among genders. Methods: Searches were conducted using several major databases. The studies were included if they were original studies including both male and female subjects and their aim was to identify incidence rates and risk factors contributing to the development of stress fractures. Of several thousand studies, 11 focusing on military populations and 10 on athletes are discussed. Results: In both populations, females had higher incidence of stress fractures, with incidence of ∼3% and ∼9.2% for males and females, respectively, in military populations and ∼6.5% and ∼9.7%, respectively, in athletes. Conclusions: Factors possibly explaining why females are more susceptible to stress fractures include bone anatomy, lower aerobic capacity, smaller muscle, and poor diet. However, both female recruits and athlete...