Analysis of human liver disease using a cluster of differentiation (CD) antibody microarray

Background: A CD antibody microarray has been previously developed allowing semi-quantitative identification of greater than 80 CD antigens on circulating leucocytes from peripheral blood samples. This assay, which uses a live cell-capture technique, enables an extensive leucocyte immunophenotype determination in a single analysis and to date this has been used successfully to characterise diseases including human leukaemias and HIV infection. Aims: To determine CD antigen expression profiles for patients with various liver diseases and to look for preserved disease-specific signatures. Methods: Three liver disease groups including hepatitis C (HCV) (n = 35), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (n = 21) and alcohol-related liver disease (n = 14) were compared with a normal group (n = 23). Hierarchal Clustering (HCL) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the data revealed distinct binding patterns for patients with and without cirrhosis. Results: Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension compared with those without cirrhosis had significantly reduced expression of several markers of T-cell function including CD45, CD8, CD28 and TCR a/b. Disease prediction algorithms based on the expression data were able to discriminate cirrhotics from non-cirrhotics with 71% overall success, which improved to 77% when only patients with HCV were considered. Conclusions: These results demonstrate disease-specific consensus patterns of expression of CD antigens for patients with chronic liver disease, suggesting that the CD antibody array is a promising tool in the analysis of human liver disease, and with further refinement may have future research and clinical utility.