Three-year follow-up in an open-label, pilot study of transendocardial autologous bone marrow in chronic myocardial infarction using a helical needle catheter

showed olygoclonal distributions (12%) and even absence of TCRBV families (3%). Before treatment, patients showed a higher expression of BV7 andBV23 families compared with healthy individuals. At baseline, healthy donors showed a significantly higher complexity score (170.8±5.6) compared to CAD patients (141.6±15.3) (P=.01). Three months after BMC injection, all patients showed an improvement in the complexity score (152.4±14.3) thus abolishing the difference previously found with healthy donors. Conclusion: Intramyocardial injection of autologous BMC may have a systemic effect on the immune system favoring the recovery of TCR BV repertoire diversity and profile in patients with advanced CAD undergoing TMLR.