Statistical Characteristics on SEPs, Radio-Loud CMEs, Low Frequency Type II and Type III Radio Bursts Associated with Impulsive and Gradual Flares

We have statistically analyzed a set of 115 low frequency (Deca-Hectometer wavelengths range) type II and type III bursts associated with major Solar Energetic Particle (SEP: Ep > 10 MeV) events and their solar causes such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed from 1997 to 2014. We classified them into two sets of events based on the duration of the associated solar flares:75 impulsive flares (duration  60 min).On an average, the peak flux (integrated flux) of impulsive flares × 2.9 (0.32 J m−2) is stronger than that of gradual flares M6.8 (0.24 J m−2). We found that impulsive flare-associated CMEs are highly decelerated with larger initial acceleration and they achieved their peak speed at lower heights (− 27.66 m s−2 and 14.23 Ro) than the gradual flare-associated CMEs (6.26 m s−2 and 15.30 Ro), even though both sets of events have similar sky-plane speed (space speed) within LASCO field of view. The impulsive flare-associated SEP events (Rt = 989.23 min: 2.86 days) are short lived and they quickly reach their peak intensity (shorter rise time) when compared with gradual flares associated events (Rt = 1275.45 min: 3.34 days). We found a good correlation between the logarithmic peak intensity of all SEPs and properties of CMEs (space speed: cc = 0.52, SEcc = 0.083), and solar flares (log integrated flux: cc = 0.44, SEcc = 0.083). This particular result gives no clear cut distinction between flare-related and CME-related SEP events for this set of major SEP events. We derived the peak intensity, integrated intensity, duration and slope of these bursts from the radio dynamic spectra observed by Wind/WAVES. Most of the properties (peak intensity, integrated intensity and starting frequency) of DH type II bursts associated with impulsive and gradual flare events are found to be similar in magnitudes. Interestingly, we found that impulsive flare-associated DH type III bursts are longer, stronger and faster (31.30 min, 6.43 sfu and 22.49 MHz h−1) than the gradual flare- associated DH type III bursts (25.08 min, 5.85 sfu and 17.84 MHz h−1). In addition, we also found a significant correlation between the properties of SEPs and key parameters of DH type III bursts. This result shows a closer association of peak intensity of the SEPs with the properties of DH type III radio bursts than with the properties DH type II radio bursts, atleast for this set of 115 major SEP events.