Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings

Fundamentals 1. Introduction to Air-Conditioning Systems 1.1 Systems and definitions 1.2 History of air conditioning. 1.3 Trends in energy use and impact 1.4 HVAC system design and operation 1.5 Energy costs 1.6 Book philosophy and organization 1.7 Summary 1.8 Problems 1.9 References 2. System Analysis Techniques and the Use of EES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Introduction to EES 2.3 Common problems encountered when using EES 2.4 Curve Fitting Using EES 2.5 Optimization using EES 2.6 How to Successfully Solve Problems using EES 2.7 Summary 2.8 Nomenclature 2.9 References 2.10 Problems 3. Thermodynamics and Fluid Flow in HVAC Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conservation of mass 3.3 Conservation of energy 3.4 Thermodynamic properties of pure substances 3.5 Thermodynamic limits on performance 3.6 Thermodynamic work relations for pure substances 3.7 Thermodynamic relations for fluid flow 3.8 Energy loss mechanisms in fluid flow 3.9 Summary 3.10 Nomenclature 3.11 References 3.12 Problems 4. Heat Transfer in HVAC Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conduction heat transfer 4.3 Convection heat transfer 4.4 Thermal radiation heat transfer 4.5 Transient heat transfer 4.6 Combined mode heat transfer 4.7 Summary 4.8 Nomenclature 4.9 References 4.10 Problems 5. Psychrometrics for HVAC Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Moist air properties 5.3 Psychrometric chart 5.4 Standard atmosphere 5.5 Determining psychrometric properties using EES 5.6 Psychrometric applications 5.7 Heat and mass transfer for air-water vapor mixtures 5.8 Summary 5.9 Nomenclature 5.10 References 5.11 Problems 6. Overview of HVAC Systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of HVAC systems and components 6.3 Energy comparisons for CAV and VAV systems 6.4 HVAC system performance calculations 6.5 ASHRAE load calculation equations 6.6 HVAC system improvements and alternatives 6.7 Summary 6.8 Nomenclature 6.9 References 6.10 Problems 7. Thermal Comfort and Air Quality 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Criteria for occupant comfort inside buildings 7.3 Criteria for indoor air quality 7.4 Summary 7.5 Nomenclature 7.6 References 7.7 Problems Building Heating and Cooling Loads 8. Weather Data, Statistics, and Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Design temperature parameters for HVAC systems 8.3 Ambient temperature and humidity correlations 8.4 Degree day data and correlations 8.5 Bin method data 8.6 Ground temperature correlations 8.7 Solar radiation fundamentals 8.8 Clear sky solar radiation 8.9 Weather records 8.10 Summary 8.11 Nomenclature 8.12 References 8.13 Problems 9. Components of Building Heat Loss and Gain 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermal resistance and conductance of building elements 9.3 Heat flow through opaque exterior surfaces 9.4 Transient heat flow through building elements 9.5 Heat flow through building elements Transfer function approach 9.6 Heat flow through building elements Lumped parameter approach 9.7 Heat flow through glazing 9.8 Energy flows due to infiltration and ventilation 9.9 Internal thermal gains 9.10 Summary 9.11 Nomenclature 9.12 References 9.13 Problems 10. Heating and Cooling Loads 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Design heating load 10.3 Design sensible cooling load using the heat balance method 10.4 The heat balance method using the lumped parameter approach 10.5 Design latent cooling load 10.6 Design loads using the lumped parameter method 10.7 Summary 10.8 Nomenclature 10.9 References 10.10 Problems Equipment 11. Air Distribution Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Pressure drops in duct systems 11.3 Design methods for air distribution systems 11.4 Fan characteristics 11.5 Interaction between fan and distribution system 11.6 Air Distribution in zones 11.7 Heat losses and gains for ducts 11.8 Air leakage from ducts 11.9 Summary 11.10 Nomenclature 11.11 References 11.12 Problems 12. Liquid Distribution Systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Water distribution systems 12.3 Steam distribution systems 12.4 Pump characteristics 12.5 Heat loss and gain for pipes 12.6 Summary 12.7 Nomenclature 12.8 References 12.9 Problems 13. Heat Exchangers for Heating and Cooling Applications 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Overall heat transfer conductance 13.3 Heat exchanger thermal performance 13.4 Heating coil selection process 13.5 Cooling coil processes 13.6 Cooling coil performance using an analogy to heat transfer 13.7 Cooling coil selection procedure 13.8 Summary 13.9 Nomenclature 13.10 References 13.11 Problems 14. Cooling Towers and Desiccant Dehumidification Systems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Cooling towers 14.3 Cooling tower performance using an analogy to heat transfer 14.4 Cooling tower selection procedure 14.5 Desiccant dehumidifiers 14.6 Desiccant dehumidification systems 14.7 Summary 14.8 Nomenclature 14.9 References 14.10 Problems 15. Vapor-Compression Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Vapor compression system 15.3 Refrigerants 15.4 Vapor compression system compressors 15.5 Vapor compression system performance 15.6 Alternate vapor compression system concepts 15.7 Summary 15.8 Nomenclature 15.9 References 15.10 Problems 16. Heat Pump Systems 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Air source heat pumps 16.3 Ground source heat pumps 16.4 Water loop heat pump systems 16.5 Summary 16.6 Nomenclature 16.7 Problems 16.8References 17. Thermal Storage Systems 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Ice storage systems 17.3 Chilled water storage systems 17.4 Cold air distribution systems 17.5 Building thermal storage 17.6 Thermal storage control strategies 17.7 Performance characteristics of ice storage tanks 17.8 Selection of ice storage capacity 17.9 Summary 17.10 Nomenclature 17.11 References 17.12 Problems Design and Control of HVAC Systems 18. Building and HVAC Energy Use 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Weather Data for Energy Use Calculations 18.3 Degree-day Method for Estimation of Heating Energy Use 18.4 Bin Method for Estimating Energy Use 18.5 Simulation Methods for Estimating Energy Use 18.6 The Lumped Capacitance Method for Estimating Building Energy Use 18.7 Summary 18.8 Nomenclature 18.9 References 18.10 Problems 19. HVAC Control Principles 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Feedback control techniques 19.3 Implementation of local loop control 19.4 Advanced control techniques 19.5 Summary 19.6 Nomenclature 19.7 References 19.8 Problems 20. Supervisory Control 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Introduction to optimal operation of HVAC systems 20.3 Optimization statement for all-electric cooling plants without storage 20.4 Model-based optimization procedure 20.5 Quadratic optimization procedure 20.6 Simplified control strategies for system components 20.7 Optimization statement for all-electric cooling plants with storage 20.8 Simplified control strategies for systems with storage 20.9 Methods for forecasting building loads 20.10 Summary 20.11 Nomenclature 20.12 References 20.13 Problems 21. Designing HVAC Systems 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The Design Process for HVAC Systems 21.3 Life-cycle cost concept 21.4 Rules of Thumb 21.5 References 21.6 Design problems