Time-domain modelling of 3-D Earth's and planetary EM induction effect in ground and satellite observations

Electric currents induced in conductive planetary interiors by time-varying magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems have a significant effect on electromagnetic field observations. Complete characterization of induction effects is difficult owing to non-linear interactions between the three-dimensional electrical structure of a planet and spatial complexity of inducing current systems. We present a general framework for time-domain modeling of 3-D electromagnetic (EM) induction effects in heterogeneous conducting planets. Our approach does not require assumption about the potential nature of the magnetic field, allows for an arbitrary distribution of electrical conductivity within a planet and can deal with spatially heterogeneous time-varying current systems. The method is applicable to data measured at stationary observatories and satellite platforms and allows for the calculation of 3-D EM induction effects in real-time settings.